Aneurysms - They are abnormal enlargement of blood vessels due to weakness of the vessel walls. They might result in problems such as rupture and internal bleeding, chronic pain and distal circulation blockage. They are more common in elderly patients, hypertension and smokers.

Carotid artery disease - They are blockages in the blood vessels in the neck, causing disturbance to the flow of blood to the brain. They may result in stroke or blindness. Early detection and treatment can avoid major stroke.

Peripheral vascular disease - They are blockages in the blood vessels of the limbs. Depending on the nature and severity of blockage, they can cause pain, non – healing ulcers and even gangrene. Restoring blood flow though angioplasty or bypass surgery may be needed to save the limb.

Acute Limb Ischemia - Occurs when the blood flow to the limb is suddenly cut-off. They represent an emergency where early detection and treatment is necessary to avoid limb loss.

Diabetic foot ulcers - They are hard to heel wounds seen in diabetic patients. They are due to combination of impaired blood flow, nerve dysfunction and local tissue infection. Treatment requires clinical judgement, may need arterial correction, offloading and wound debridement.

Varicose veins - They are dilated tortuous veins with reversal of blood flow. They may be just cosmetic or may be associated with serious complications like bleeding, ulcer formation and thrombosis. Careful selection of patients and appropriate procedures can have excellent outcomes.

Deep Vein Thrombosis - They are due to formation of blood clots in the major veins of the leg. They are usually caused by prolonged travel, bed rest, cancers, other injuries and rarely due to clotting problems. They represent an emergency situation associated with life threatening complications such as propagation of clot and dislodgement in the lungs. Early recognition and treatment can be life saving.

Vascular Malformations - They are abnormally developed connections between blood vessels or may be tumours due to abnormal multiplication of vascular cells. They have different symptoms based on their size and location. The treatment needs to be individualised to achieve functional outcomes.

Dialysis access - They serve as the lifeline to do dialysis in patients with Chronic kidney disease. AV fistula, AV grafts, Permcaths are some of the methods. They also need periodic screening and early interventions to avoid failure.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - Occurs due to compression of nerves and blood vessels in the lower neck region. Cervical rib (abnormal additional rib) is one the most common causes.

Carotid Body Tumors - They are tumors located in the neck, closely surrounded by carotid artery and cranial nerves. They represent a surgical challenge due to high blood flow and proximity to several important structures. Special embolisation may needed in some patients before surgery to reduce blood loss and size of the tumor.

Vascular Injuries - Occurs due to damage of blood vessels due to accidents or during other surgeries. They can lead to extensive bleeding with loss for critical blood flow to distal organs. Early repairs have better outcomes.