Mammography is a specialised radiological procedure used for the early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of breast diseases, primarily breast cancer. It involves low-dose X-ray imaging of the breast tissue to identify abnormalities such as lumps, calcifications, cysts, or tumours that may not be palpable during a physical examination. Mammography is recognised globally as a vital screening and diagnostic tool for improving breast health outcomes.

There are two main types of mammography: screening and diagnostic. Screening mammography is performed routinely in asymptomatic women, typically aged 40 and above, to detect breast cancer at an early stage when treatment is most effective. Diagnostic mammography is used for women experiencing symptoms such as a breast lump, nipple discharge, pain, or skin changes. Advanced digital mammography systems provide high-resolution images, allow image manipulation for better visualisation, and facilitate computer-aided detection (CAD) to enhance accuracy.

During the procedure, each breast is placed on a flat support plate and compressed gently with a paddle to spread the tissue for clearer imaging. The process is quick, usually taking 10–15 minutes, and involves minimal discomfort. Low-dose X-rays are used to ensure patient safety while obtaining precise images. In some cases, additional views or magnification may be required to examine areas of concern in detail. Mammography services are complemented by ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy procedures when further evaluation is necessary. Radiologists analyse the images to identify benign or suspicious lesions, guide treatment decisions, and recommend follow-up. Early detection through mammography significantly increases survival rates and reduces the need for aggressive treatment.

By providing safe, accurate, and non-invasive breast imaging, mammography plays a critical role in breast cancer screening programs, early diagnosis, and patient education, empowering women to take proactive steps toward maintaining breast health and improving long-term outcomes.