Bone Densitometry is a specialised diagnostic procedure used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and assess bone strength. It is primarily used to diagnose osteoporosis and osteopenia, conditions characterised by reduced bone mass and increased risk of fractures. The test plays a vital role in identifying individuals at risk of bone loss and guiding preventive and therapeutic interventions.

The most commonly used method of bone densitometry is Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA). This technique uses a very low dose of X-ray radiation to measure bone density, usually at clinically significant sites such as the lumbar spine, hip, and forearm. The procedure is quick, non-invasive, painless, and involves minimal radiation exposure, making it safe for routine clinical use.

Bone densitometry is recommended for postmenopausal women, elderly individuals, patients with a history of fractures, long-term steroid users, and those with medical conditions affecting bone metabolism. It is also used to monitor bone density changes over time and evaluate the effectiveness of osteoporosis treatment.

The results of bone densitometry are expressed as T-scores and Z-scores, which compare the patient’s bone density with that of a healthy young adult and age-matched population, respectively. These scores help clinicians assess fracture risk and determine the need for lifestyle modification, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, or pharmacological therapy.

Bone densitometry services are often integrated with endocrinology, orthopaedics, rheumatology, and gynaecology departments for comprehensive bone health management. Patient education on diet, exercise, and fall prevention is an important component of care. Through early detection and ongoing monitoring, bone densitometry contributes significantly to fracture prevention, improved mobility, and enhanced quality of life in individuals with compromised bone health.